Cov hlau kub siab kuj hu ua cov hlau kub muaj zog. Raws li cov qauv matrix, cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg: hlau-raws li nickel-raws li thiab chromium-raws li. Raws li hom kev tsim khoom, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua deformed superalloy thiab cast superalloy.
Nws yog ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam aerospace. Nws yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau qhov kub siab ntawm cov cav tsim khoom aerospace thiab aviation. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau kev tsim cov chav sib txuas, hniav turbine, hniav qhia, compressor thiab turbine disk, turbine case thiab lwm yam khoom. Qhov kub ntawm kev pabcuam yog 600 ℃ - 1200 ℃. Kev ntxhov siab thiab ib puag ncig sib txawv nrog cov khoom siv. Muaj cov kev cai nruj rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab, lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov hlau. Nws yog qhov txiav txim siab rau kev ua tau zoo, kev ntseeg siab thiab lub neej ntawm lub cav. Yog li ntawd, superalloy yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tshawb fawb tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam aerospace thiab kev tiv thaiv lub tebchaws hauv cov tebchaws tsim.
Cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb ntawm superalloys yog:
1. Cov hlau kub kub rau chav combustion
Lub chamber combustion (tseem hu ua flame tube) ntawm lub cav turbine aviation yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb kub. Txij li thaum roj atomization, roj thiab roj sib tov thiab lwm yam txheej txheem tau ua nyob rau hauv lub chamber combustion, qhov kub siab tshaj plaws hauv lub chamber combustion tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1500 ℃ - 2000 ℃, thiab qhov kub ntawm phab ntsa hauv lub chamber combustion tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1100 ℃. Tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj dais thermal stress thiab roj stress. Feem ntau cov cav nrog siab thrust / qhov hnyav piv siv annular combustion chambers, uas muaj luv luv ntev thiab muaj peev xwm kub siab. Qhov kub siab tshaj plaws hauv lub chamber combustion ncav cuag 2000 ℃, thiab phab ntsa kub ncav cuag 1150 ℃ tom qab zaj duab xis roj lossis chav txias. Qhov kub gradients loj ntawm ntau qhov chaw yuav tsim thermal stress, uas yuav nce thiab poob sai sai thaum lub xeev ua haujlwm hloov pauv. Cov khoom siv yuav raug thermal shock thiab thermal fatigue load, thiab yuav muaj distortion, tawg thiab lwm yam faults. Feem ntau, lub chamber combustion yog ua los ntawm cov ntawv hlau alloy, thiab cov kev cai lij choj tau muab sau ua raws li cov xwm txheej kev pabcuam ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb: nws muaj qee qhov kev tiv thaiv oxidation thiab roj corrosion tsis kam nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv cov hlau kub siab thiab roj; Nws muaj qee qhov instantaneous thiab endurance zog, thermal qaug zog kev ua tau zoo thiab qis expansion coefficient; Nws muaj txaus plasticity thiab weld peev xwm los xyuas kom meej tias ua, tsim thiab txuas; Nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo nyob rau hauv thermal voj voog kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua haujlwm txhim khu kev qha hauv lub neej kev pabcuam.
a. MA956 hlau porous laminate
Thaum ntxov, cov ntawv laminate porous tau ua los ntawm HS-188 alloy sheet los ntawm kev sib txuas diffusion tom qab raug thaij duab, etched, grooved thiab punched. Lub txheej sab hauv tuaj yeem ua rau hauv qhov channel txias zoo tagnrho raws li qhov xav tau tsim. Cov qauv txias no tsuas yog xav tau 30% ntawm cov roj txias ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab txias ib txwm muaj, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov ua haujlwm ntawm lub voj voog thermal ntawm lub cav, txo qhov muaj peev xwm ua kom sov ntawm cov khoom siv combustion chamber, txo qhov hnyav, thiab nce qhov piv ntawm thrust-weight. Tam sim no, nws tseem tsim nyog los tawg los ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb ua ntej nws tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv kev siv tiag tiag. Cov ntawv laminate porous ua los ntawm MA956 yog tiam tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv combustion chamber uas tau qhia los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, uas tuaj yeem siv ntawm 1300 ℃.
b. Kev siv cov khoom sib xyaw ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic hauv chav sib txuas
Txij li xyoo 1971, Tebchaws Meskas tau pib txheeb xyuas qhov ua tau ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv ceramic rau cov roj turbines. Xyoo 1983, qee pawg neeg koom nrog kev tsim cov khoom siv siab heev hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau tsim cov cim qhia kev ua tau zoo rau cov roj turbines siv hauv cov dav hlau siab heev. Cov cim qhia no yog: nce qhov kub ntawm lub turbine inlet mus rau 2200 ℃; Ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub xeev combustion ntawm kev suav tshuaj lom neeg; Txo qhov ceev siv rau cov khoom no los ntawm 8g / cm3 mus rau 5g / cm3; Tshem tawm qhov txias ntawm cov khoom. Txhawm rau kom ua tau raws li cov kev cai no, cov ntaub ntawv kawm suav nrog graphite, hlau matrix, ceramic matrix composites thiab intermetallic compounds ntxiv rau ib-theem ceramics. Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) muaj cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no:
Tus coefficient ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic yog me dua li ntawm nickel-based alloy, thiab cov txheej txheej yooj yim tev tawm. Kev ua cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov hlau nruab nrab tuaj yeem kov yeej qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev tawg, uas yog kev coj ua ntawm cov khoom siv combustion chamber. Cov khoom siv no tuaj yeem siv nrog 10% - 20% cua txias, thiab qhov kub ntawm cov hlau rov qab rwb thaiv tsev tsuas yog li 800 ℃, thiab qhov kub ntawm kev dais cua sov qis dua li ntawm kev txias sib txawv thiab zaj duab xis txias. Cast superalloy B1900 + ceramic txheej tiv thaiv vuas siv hauv V2500 cav, thiab kev coj ua yog hloov B1900 (nrog ceramic txheej) vuas nrog SiC-based composite lossis anti-oxidation C/C composite. Ceramic matrix composite yog cov khoom siv tsim kho ntawm lub cav combustion chamber nrog qhov hnyav thrust ntawm 15-20, thiab nws qhov kub thiab txias yog 1538 ℃ - 1650 ℃. Nws yog siv rau lub raj nplaim, phab ntsa ntab thiab afterburner.
2. Kub kub alloy rau turbine
Cov hniav turbine uas siv rau hauv lub cav aero-engine yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom uas dais qhov kub thiab txias tshaj plaws thiab qhov chaw ua haujlwm phem tshaj plaws hauv lub cav aero-engine. Nws yuav tsum dais kev ntxhov siab loj heev thiab nyuaj nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias siab, yog li nws cov khoom siv yuav tsum nruj heev. Cov superalloys rau cov hniav turbine uas siv rau hauv lub cav aero-engine tau muab faib ua:
a. Kub siab alloy rau phau ntawv qhia
Lub deflector yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub cav turbine uas raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cua sov tshaj plaws. Thaum muaj kev sib xyaw tsis sib xws hauv chav sib xyaw, lub nra hnyav ntawm thawj theem guide vane loj heev, uas yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm guide vane. Nws qhov kub ua haujlwm yog li 100 ℃ siab dua li ntawm lub hniav turbine. Qhov sib txawv yog tias cov khoom zoo li qub tsis raug kev thauj khoom siv tshuab. Feem ntau, nws yooj yim ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thermal, kev cuam tshuam, kev tawg thermal qaug zog thiab kev hlawv hauv zos los ntawm kev hloov pauv kub sai. Cov hlau guide vane yuav tsum muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no: lub zog kub txaus, kev ua haujlwm creep tas mus li thiab kev ua haujlwm thermal qaug zog zoo, kev tiv thaiv oxidation siab thiab kev ua haujlwm thermal corrosion, kev ntxhov siab thermal thiab kev co, kev muaj peev xwm khoov deformation, kev ua haujlwm zoo casting thiab weldability, thiab kev tiv thaiv txheej txheem.
Tam sim no, feem ntau cov cav siab heev uas muaj qhov sib piv siab/qhov hnyav siv cov hniav hollow cast, thiab cov superalloys uas muaj cov khoom siv nickel-based directional thiab ib leeg siv lead ua ke raug xaiv. Lub cav uas muaj qhov sib piv siab-qhov hnyav muaj qhov kub siab ntawm 1650 ℃ - 1930 ℃ thiab xav tau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov txheej thermal insulation. Qhov kub ntawm cov hniav alloy nyob rau hauv qhov txias thiab txheej tiv thaiv yog ntau dua 1100 ℃, uas tso tawm cov kev cai tshiab thiab siab dua rau tus nqi kub ntawm cov khoom siv hniav coj yav tom ntej.
b. Cov khoom siv superalloys rau cov hniav turbine
Cov hniav turbine yog cov khoom tseem ceeb uas tig tau cua sov ntawm cov cav aero-engine. Lawv qhov kub ua haujlwm yog 50 ℃ - 100 ℃ qis dua li cov hniav qhia. Lawv dais kev ntxhov siab centrifugal, kev ntxhov siab vibration, kev ntxhov siab thermal, kev cuam tshuam ntawm huab cua thiab lwm yam thaum tig, thiab cov xwm txheej ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Lub neej ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom kub kawg ntawm lub cav nrog qhov sib piv siab / qhov hnyav yog ntau dua 2000h. Yog li ntawd, cov hlau turbine hniav yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv siab thiab lub zog tawg ntawm qhov kub ua haujlwm, cov khoom zoo siab thiab nruab nrab kub, xws li kev qaug zog siab thiab qis, kev qaug zog txias thiab kub, kev ua kom zoo thiab kev cuam tshuam, thiab kev rhiab heev; kev tiv thaiv oxidation siab thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion; kev ua tau zoo thermal conductivity thiab coefficient ntawm linear expansion qis; kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem casting; kev ruaj khov ntev, tsis muaj TCP theem nag lossis daus ntawm qhov kub ua haujlwm. Cov hlau siv mus dhau plaub theem; Cov ntawv thov hlau deformed suav nrog GH4033, GH4143, GH4118, thiab lwm yam; Daim ntawv thov ntawm casting alloy suav nrog K403, K417, K418, K405, directional solidified kub DZ4, DZ22, ib leeg siv lead ua alloy DD3, DD8, PW1484, thiab lwm yam. Tam sim no, nws tau tsim mus rau tiam thib peb ntawm ib leeg siv lead ua alloy. Tuam Tshoj ib leeg siv lead ua alloy DD3 thiab DD8 feem ntau siv rau hauv Tuam Tshoj lub turbines, turbofan cav, helicopters thiab nkoj cav.
3. Kub kub alloy rau turbine disk
Lub turbine disc yog qhov feem ntawm lub cav turbine uas muaj kev nyuaj siab tshaj plaws. Qhov kub ua haujlwm ntawm lub log flange ntawm lub cav nrog qhov sib piv ntawm 8 thiab 10 ncav cuag 650 ℃ thiab 750 ℃, thiab qhov kub ntawm lub log nruab nrab yog li 300 ℃, nrog qhov kub sib txawv loj. Thaum lub sijhawm tig ib txwm, nws tsav lub hniav kom tig ntawm qhov ceev ceev thiab dais lub zog centrifugal siab tshaj plaws, kev ntxhov siab thermal thiab kev co. Txhua qhov pib thiab nres yog lub voj voog, nruab nrab ntawm lub log. Lub caj pas, qhov hauv qab groove thiab ntug txhua tus dais cov kev ntxhov siab sib txawv. Cov hlau yuav tsum muaj lub zog tso zis siab tshaj plaws, kev cuam tshuam toughness thiab tsis muaj notch rhiab heev ntawm qhov kub ua haujlwm; Cov coefficient nthuav dav qis; Qee qhov kev tiv thaiv oxidation thiab corrosion; Kev ua tau zoo txiav.
4. Cov khoom siv hlau ua dav hlau
Cov hlau nplaum superalloy hauv lub cav foob pob hluav taws siv ua lub vaj huam sib luag roj ntawm lub chamber combustion hauv lub thrust chamber; lub luj tshib ntawm lub twj tso kua mis turbine, flange, graphite rudder fastener, thiab lwm yam. Cov hlau nplaum kub siab hauv lub cav foob pob hluav taws siv ua lub vaj huam sib luag roj ntawm lub chamber thrust chamber; lub luj tshib ntawm lub twj tso kua mis turbine, flange, graphite rudder fastener, thiab lwm yam. GH4169 siv ua cov khoom siv ntawm turbine rotor, ncej, lub tes tsho ncej, fastener thiab lwm yam khoom tseem ceeb.
Cov khoom siv turbine rotor ntawm lub cav foob pob hluav taws Asmeskas feem ntau suav nrog cov yeeb nkab nqus, cov hniav turbine thiab disk. GH1131 alloy feem ntau siv hauv Suav teb, thiab cov hniav turbine nyob ntawm qhov kub ua haujlwm. Inconel x, Alloy713c, Astroloy thiab Mar-M246 yuav tsum tau siv ua ntu zus; Cov khoom siv log disc suav nrog Inconel 718, Waspaloy, thiab lwm yam. GH4169 thiab GH4141 integral turbines feem ntau siv, thiab GH2038A siv rau lub cav ncej.